1. An assumption is something we take for granted, something we accept prematurely as beging true, something we do not check out carefully. Often we do, not recognize that we have made an assumption until it causes a problem for us.
2. Assumptions can be conscious or unconscious, warranted or unwarranted. Unconscious and unwarranted assumptions can lead to faulty reasoning, whereas conscious and warranted assumptions can be useful tools for problem solving. we need to recognize the difference.
3. Hidden assumptions are unconscious assumptions that generally influence a line of reasoning. One form of hidden assumptions is stereotypes, where we try to fit new experiences into old or prejudiced categories. Another type is value assumptions, or basic unexamined beliefs that unconsciously influence our thinking.
4. Arguments are the use of reasoning to defend an idea or to persuade someone else to believe in the idea. Good arguments do not rest upon unexamined assumptions.
5. We perceive incongruities when we observe situations that do not meet our expectations or assumptions. this can cause a feeling of disequilibrium. We restore our equilibrium when we reach a new understanding though the process of reexamining our assumptions. This is a familiar and continuous process that results in growth and learning.
6. Someone who brings a fresh perspective to a problem that has stumped others is often able to find a solution because he or she dose not buy the assumptions that restrain others. As a conscious tool, we can look for assumptions when we are with confronted with a problem to solve.
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